↑ “The Executive Branch”. Whitehouse.gov. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 1 năm 2009. . Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted as both the 22nd and the 24th President. Because of this, all presidents after the 23rd have their official listing increased by one.
↑ Foreign-born Americans who were citizens at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible to become president, provided they met the age and residency requirements. However, this allowance has since become obsolete.
↑ See: Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). “The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment”. Minnesota Law Review (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Law Review) 83 (565). ; alternatively, see: Albert, Richard (2005). “The Evolving Vice Presidency”. Temple Law Review (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education) 78 (811, at 856–9).
↑ Air Force One. White House Military Office. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 6 năm 2007.
↑ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign "Air Force One." Similarly, "Navy One", "Army One", and "Coast Guard One" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "Executive One" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.
↑ Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2007). “Unchecked and Unbalanced”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. the founding fathers had 'scant affection for strong executives' like England’s king, and... Bush White House’s claims are rooted in ideas "about the ‘divine’ right of kings"... and that certainly did not find their 'way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.'
↑ Ross Linker (ngày 27 tháng 9 năm 2007). “Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite”. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it.
↑ Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (ngày 6 tháng 7 năm 2007). “Unchecked and Unbalanced”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)
↑ Scott Shane (ngày 25 tháng 9 năm 2009). “A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama’s Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. 'I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them,' Mr. Wilson, the group’s president, tells his eager researchers.
↑ Rachel Dykoski (ngày 1 tháng 11 năm 2008). “Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy"”. Twin Cities Daily Planet. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 11 năm 2009. Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership...
↑ John Neffinger (ngày 2 tháng 4 năm 2007). “Democrats vs. Science: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections”. Huffington Post. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 11 năm 2009. ...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds... Deaver thanked... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best.
↑ Alessandra Stanley (ngày 10 tháng 6 năm 2004). “THE 40TH PRESIDENT: CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK; A Pageant Over 2 Decades in the Making”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. If anyone is to be credited for providing regal grandeur to the ceremony it is Mrs. Reagan, who, with the help of the loyal aide Michael K. Deaver, had always managed the stagecraft of her husband's political career.
↑ Lexington (ngày 21 tháng 7 năm 2009). “The Cult of the Presidency”. The Economist. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees.
↑ Justin Ewers (ngày 28 tháng 4 năm 2009). “Why Obama Is Leaving the Reagan Era Behind When It Comes to Economic Policy”. US News & World Report. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. Despite his years of lip service to balancing the budget, total discretionary spending had climbed almost 16 percent by the time he left office, dwarfing the Carter budgets he had once criticized. Revenues, limited by Reagan's tax cuts, were never able to keep pace. The result was a spiraling national debt that nearly tripled during his two terms, hitting $2.7 trillion.
1 2 United States Government (2009). “Historical Tables–Budget of the United States Government–Fiscal Year 2009” (PDF). United States Government. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 12 năm 2009. see pages 11–12, 25–26, 28–29, 30–31, 333–334 The traditional pattern of running large deficits only in times of war or economic downturns was broken during much of the 1980s. In 1982, partly in response to a recession, large tax cuts were enacted. However, these were accompanied by substantial increases in defense spending. Although reductions were made to nondefense spending, they were not sufficient to offset the impact on the deficit. As a result, deficits averaging $206 billion were incurred between 1983 and 1992. These unprecedented peacetime deficits increased debt held by the public from $789 billion in 1981 to $3.0 trillion (48.1% of GDP) in 1992.(from p.11)
1 2 3 Timothy Taylor (ngày 14 tháng 11 năm 2009). “The deficit doves”. Minneapolis–St. Paul Star Tribune. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 12 năm 2009. The Congressional Budget Office projects that the accumulation of government debt from 2009 to 2012, relative to the size of the economy, will outstrip the accumulation of debt in Reagan's first term of office.
↑ Peter S. Goodman (ngày 7 tháng 7 năm 2009). “Staggering Budget Gap and a Reluctance to Fill It”. The New York Times. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 12 năm 2009. The deficit has grown in part because of the $787 billion spending package championed by the Obama administration to aid states, generate jobs and increase benefits for the jobless. But these expenditures landed atop huge deficits run up by the Bush administration, which had cut taxes and prosecuted an expensive war in Iraq. The Congressional Budget Office projects federal spending will exceed revenues by $1.7 trillion this year, or about 12 percent of the nation’s annual economic output — the largest deficit since World War II.
↑ Nick Gillespie (ngày 24 tháng 1 năm 2009). “Bush Was a Big-Government Disaster”. Wall Street Journal. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. Mr. Bush... increased the size and scope of the federal government to unprecedented levels... he added a whopping $345 billion (in constant dollars) to the federal budget... added... an additional $287 billion on top of that... Mr. Bush has massively expanded the government
1 2 Lori Montgomery (ngày 21 tháng 3 năm 2009). “Deficit Projected To Swell Beyond Earlier Estimates”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. Tax collections, meanwhile, would lag well behind spending, producing huge annual budget deficits that would force the nation to borrow nearly $9.3 trillion over the next decade – $2.3 trillion more than the president predicted when he unveiled his budget request just one month ago.
↑ Transcript – Ray Suarez and others (ngày 24 tháng 7 năm 2006). “President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns”. PBS Online NewsHour. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 11 năm 2009. The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements," which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications.
1 2 George F. Will – op-ed columnist (ngày 21 tháng 12 năm 2008). “Making Congress Moot”. The Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 9 năm 2009.
1 2 3 Albert Gore (CQ Transcripts Wire) (16 tháng 1 năm 2006). “Transcript: Former Vice President Gore's Speech on Constitutional Issues”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. GORE: President Lincoln, of course, suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, and some of the worst abuses prior to those of the current administration were committed by President Wilson during and after World War I, with the notorious red scare and "Palmer Raids."
↑ Grigg, William Norman (ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2003). “FDR's patriot purge. (Cover Story History)”. The New American. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 10 năm 2009. federal investigators 'were free to devote a great deal of energy and attention to the tax records and finances of politicians who sought to use anti-Semitic appeals to attack the Roosevelt administration'
↑ Dan Eggen and Dafna Linzer (ngày 18 tháng 8 năm 2006). “Judge Rules Against Wiretaps–NSA Program Called Unconstitutional”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. U.S. District Judge Anna Diggs Taylor ordered a halt to the wiretap program, secretly authorized by President Bush in 2001, but both sides in the lawsuit agreed to delay that action until a Sept. 7 hearing.
↑ Staff writer (ngày 15 tháng 7 năm 2008). “Book World: 'The Dark Side': The Inside Story of How The War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (by Jane Mayer)”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. Since embarking upon its global war on terror, the United States has blatantly disregarded the Geneva Conventions. It has imprisoned suspects, including U.S. citizens, without charge, holding them indefinitely and denying them due process. It has created an American gulag in which thousands of detainees, including many innocent of any wrongdoing, have been subjected to ritual abuse and humiliation.
↑ Richard Zoglin (ngày 8 tháng 8 năm 1994). “TELEVISION: Nixon Without Nostalgia”. Time Magazine. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. paranoid Nixon White House of the early '70s, so obsessed with political foes that it had a psychiatrist's office burglarized to get dirt on Daniel Ellsberg (who had released the Pentagon papers) and ordered the fateful break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee.
↑ Alexis de Tocqueville, translated by Henry Reeve (1899). “Democracy in America, Volume 1”. Google Books. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 12 năm 2009. Intrigue and corruption are the natural defects of elective government; but when the head of the State can be re-elected these evils rise to a great height, and compromise the very existence of the country. When a simple candidate seeks to rise by intrigue, his manoeuvres must necessarily be limited to a narrow sphere; but when the chief magistrate enters the lists, he borrows the strength of the Government for his own purposes.
↑ Alison Mitchell (ngày 2 tháng 5 năm 1999). “The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True.”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II.
↑ Alison Mitchell (ngày 2 tháng 5 năm 1999). “The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True.”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.
↑ Michael R. Gordon (ngày 20 tháng 12 năm 1990). “U.s. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.
↑ Stuart Taylor Jr. (ngày 4 tháng 9 năm 2002). “An Invasion of Iraq Requires the Approval of Congress”. The Atlantic. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. Bush may eventually ask for a congressional vote. That would clearly be the wiser course, politically. And that's what Bush's father did in early 1991—notwithstanding his insistence then that he did not need congressional approval as a legal matter and his subsequent boast, "I didn't have to get permission from some old goat in Congress to kick Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait."
↑ Andrew Rosenthal (ngày 28 tháng 2 năm 1991). “Bush Halts Offensive Combat; Kuwait Freed, Iraqis Crushed”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. The Speaker of the House, Thomas S. Foley, said: 'The majority in Congress voted to give the President the authority, and he has taken that authority and I think conducted this operation brilliantly.'
↑ David E. Sanger with John F. Burns (ngày 20 tháng 3 năm 2003). “Bush Declares Start of Iraq War; Missile Said to Be Aimed at Hussein”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 11 năm 2009. Mr. Bush formally informed Congress in... a seven-page message to Congress, he argued that force was now the only way to 'adequately protect the national security of the United States' and that topping the Iraqi government was 'a vital part' of a broader war against terrorism. The message was required under a statute passed last fall explicitly authorizing war against Iraq after the president determined that a diplomatic solution was impossible.
↑ David R. Francis (ngày 2 tháng 9 năm 2008). “Will pocketbooks pick the president?”. Christian Science Monitor. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 12 năm 2009. Nonetheless, after recognizing that an incumbent president has an advantage, the two models depend on the economic numbers for their results and have done better than many sophisticated political analysts in their predictive ability.
↑ Schantz (editor), Harvey L. (1996). American Presidential Elections: Process, Policy, and Political Change. Albany: State University of New York Press. tr. 41. ISBN0-7914-2864-8. The advantages of incumbency are many: presidents have the aura and experience of the office; they command media coverage; they are able to influence events; and they are able to dispense government grants. (p.41)
↑ Joseph A. Califano Jr. (ngày 27 tháng 5 năm 1988). “PAC's Remain a Pox”. The New York Times. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 10 năm 2009.
↑ Peter Passell (ngày 28 tháng 11 năm 1990). “Economic Scene; George Bush's Secret Weapon”. The New York Times. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 12 năm 2009. The election game presented by Mr. Fair is so easy that anyone with a pencil can play. In the latest version of the formula, derived from what statisticians call regression analysis, a Democrat starts with a presumptive claim to 48 percent of the two-party vote. If he is an incumbent, add five percentage points; if he is running against an incumbent Republican, subtract five.
↑ Peter Passell (ngày 28 tháng 11 năm 1990). “Economic Scene; George Bush's Secret Weapon”. The New York Times. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 12 năm 2009. Mr. Fair, who has just updated his remarkably accurate statistical model for explaining Presidential election results to include the Bush-Dukakis contest, suggests that nothing much can change the predisposition of voters to elect Republicans (especially incumbent Republicans) except parlous economic times.
↑ Staff writer (ngày 13 tháng 10 năm 1987). “Alf Landon, G.O.P. Stand-Bearer, Dies at 100”. NEW YORK TIMES. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 11 năm 2009. 523 Electoral Votes to 8 Roosevelt, running for his second term, won 27,747,636 votes to 16,679,543 for his Republican rival. Mr. Landon received 8 electoral votes to Roosevelt's 523.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Matthew Ericson (ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2004). “THE 2004 ELECTIONS: THE PAST; Electoral College Shifts, In Red and Blue”. NEW YORK TIMES. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 11 năm 2009. The coloring indicates which party's candidate received electoral votes in the state. Darker shades indicate that a different party captured the state than in the previous election. E.V.: Electoral votes received by a candidate P.V.: Share of the popular vote received by a candidate
↑ Mike Allen (ngày 3 tháng 11 năm 2004). “Bush Aides Pushed to Declare Victory”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 11 năm 2009. Even before receiving a concession call from his opponent, President Bush scheduled a victory announcement in Washington today, with officials of his reelection campaign asserting that he has won at least 286 electoral votes
↑ David Johnston (ngày 24 tháng 12 năm 1992). “Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes.
↑ David Johnston (ngày 24 tháng 12 năm 1992). “Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.
1 2 3 Peter Eisler (ngày 7 tháng 3 năm 2008). “Clinton-papers release blocked”. USA TODAY. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.
↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (ngày 3 tháng 7 năm 2007). “For President, Libby Case Was a Test of Will”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. Indeed, to administration critics, the commutation was a subversion of justice, an act of hypocrisy by a president who once vowed that anyone in his administration who broke the law would 'be taken care of.'
↑ Philip D. Zelikow (tháng 11 năm 2009). “The Suicide of the East? 1989 and the Fall of Communism”. Foreign Affairs Magazine. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. There was no World War III... The Soviet Union and Poland held limited elections in early 1989... By the end of 1991, the Soviet empire had disintegrated. Although there had been some bloodshed in China and Romania, there had been no great war.
↑ “Essay: The Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis”. Time Magazine. Ngày 27 tháng 9 năm 1982. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 11 năm 2009. Kennedy assembled a task force of advisers. Some of them wanted to invade Cuba. In the end, Kennedy chose a course of artful restraint; he laid down a naval quarantine. After six days, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet missiles would be dismantled.
↑ “Essay: BAY OF PIGS REVISITED: Lessons from a Failure”. Time Magazine. Ngày 30 tháng 7 năm 1965. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. U.S.-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion that had ended in disaster about a year and a half before.
↑ David Ignatius (ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2004). “Protean Leader”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. But after suicide bombers destroyed the U.S. Embassy and Marine barracks there in 1983, Reagan decided to cut his losses and evacuate American troops... The pullout from Lebanon was either an amoral retreat under fire or a prudent exercise of realpolitik, depending on your perspective.
↑ David Ignatius (ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2004). “Protean Leader”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. A somewhat more dubious example of the Reagan administration's realpolitik in the Middle East was the decision to trade arms to Iran to secure the release of U.S. hostages in Lebanon. When the secret deal became public, Reagan managed the political fallout partly by insisting he had done nothing of the sort.
↑ Amy Chua (ngày 22 tháng 10 năm 2009). “Where Is U.S. Foreign Policy Headed?”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. One of Bacevich’s most interesting arguments is that the astronomical costs of the Iraq war — not just unregulated hedge funds and subprime mortgages — contributed directly to the 2008 financial collapse. By 2007, he writes, 'the U.S. command in Baghdad was burning through $3 billion per week. That same year, the overall costs of the Iraq war topped the $500 billion mark.'
↑ Dennis Ross (tháng 1 năm 2005). “The Middle East Predicament”. Foreign Affairs Magazine. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. Iraq is a mess—from which the United States cannot easily extricate itself.
↑ Lelyveld, Joseph (ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009). “Chuck Hagel–Biography”. New York Times. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. A staunch conservative and a Vietnam veteran, Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska is best known as the most outspoken Republican critic of President Bush's policies in Iraq.
↑ Jacob Weisberg (ngày 29 tháng 8 năm 2004). “All the President's Critics”. New York Times: Books. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. But these are largely stand-ins for their opposition to the Bush administration's catastrophically unplanned occupation of Iraq, its self-defeating alienation of allies...
↑ Robert G. Kaiser (ngày 27 tháng 10 năm 2008). “Iraq Aside, Nominees Have Like Views on Use of Force”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. Bacevich, who has endorsed Obama, is a stern critic of what he considers the militarization of U.S. foreign policy, and he regards this consensus as "far more important than any apparent differences" between the candidates and their advisers.
↑ “The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred”. Time Magazine. 7 tháng 1 năm 1980. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. But the U.S. saw the Shah as a stable and valuable ally.... the U.S. lent the Shah its all-out support. President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger allowed him to buy all the modern weapons he wanted. Washington also gave its blessing to a flood of American business investment in Iran and dispatched an army of technocrats there.
↑ Michael Abramowitz and Robin Wright (ngày 21 tháng 11 năm 2007). “Bush More Emphatic In Backing Musharraf”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. President Bush yesterday offered his strongest support of embattled Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, saying the general 'hasn't crossed the line' and 'truly is somebody who believes in democracy.'
↑ Henry Grunwald (ngày 12 tháng 5 năm 1986). “Essay: Marcos, Baby Doc – Why Not the Rest?”. Time Magazine. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. Some critics blame the U.S. for the existence of just about all the world's non-Communist dictatorships. While it is true that many of these receive U.S. support, the forces that lead to dictatorship are usually beyond American control.
1 2 Joshua Micah Marshall (tháng 11 năm 2003). “Remaking the World: Bush and the Neoconservatives”. Foreign Affairs Magazine. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. In Israel... After giving a low priority to the peace process during his first two years in office, George W. Bush pushed the 'road map' for peace while relegating Yasir Arafat to the sidelines... Finding himself stymied, the new Palestinian prime minister, Mahmoud Abbas, resigned; Arafat faces death or expulsion while being lionized among his constituents; bombings continue; and the region is as volatile and violent as ever.
↑ “Iran's Nuclear Program”. New York Times. Ngày 21 tháng 10 năm 2009. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 11 năm 2009. American officials and international inspectors are concerned that Iran seems to have made significant progress in the three technologies necessary to field an effective nuclear weapon: enriching uranium to weapons grade; developing a missile capable of reaching Israel and parts of Western Europe; and designing a warhead that will fit on the missile.
↑ Eric M. Weiss and Charles Lane (ngày 14 tháng 7 năm 2006). “Vice President Sued by Plame And Husband”. Washington Post. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2009. Plame and Wilson say that, after Wilson accused Bush of twisting intelligence about Iraq's pursuit of weapons of mass destruction, Cheney, Rove and Libby conspired to 'discredit, punish and seek revenge against the plaintiffs that included, among other things, disclosing to members of the press Plaintiff Valerie Plame Wilson's classified CIA employment.'
